Europe addresses housing crises via EU programs and national policies across member states.
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The European Commission has elevated the housing crisis to a level of EU policy, with Dan Jørgensen appointed to lead the energy and housing portfolio. The Commission and the European Investment Bank are launching a new 10 billion euro financing program to support affordable and sustainable housing across Europe, aiming to create 1.5 million new or renovated units in two years. Ursula von der Leyen described the issue as a social crisis, not just a housing one, citing rising property prices and decreasing building permits. European Council President António Costa emphasized that adequate housing policy is crucial for mobility and retaining talent among younger generations.
In Hungary, the government has acknowledged the housing crisis and included housing support in its economic action plan, offering state subsidies and preferential loan options, alongside measures to limit tourist rentals and incentivize affordable rental construction through a capital program. However, critics note the government relies on increasing supply to lower prices without guaranteeing affordability. The “Otthon Start” mortgage program also sets price caps for subsidized apartments.
Other countries are taking varied approaches: Flanders in Belgium is penalizing municipalities that fail to build sufficient social housing. Spain has implemented measures like a Youth Rental Voucher, providing financial aid to young people renting, and local councils can develop officially protected affordable housing plans. The Spanish government prioritizes affordable housing through initiatives like the first housing law.
France mandates that disadvantaged households receive 25% of available social housing in certain areas, with a goal of building 100,000 new units in 2025. Austria maintains a significant non-profit ownership concept for housing, and while federal funding is increasing, local implementation varies. Vienna plans to convert a third of large properties into social housing.
Bulgaria’s social housing is largely owned by municipalities, particularly in Sofia, where demand far exceeds supply, and issues of transparency and maintenance are highlighted. The Bulgarian government has faced criticism for its slow progress on affordable housing access for young people. Greece recently passed a law allowing the state to transfer public properties to private developers, with only 30% designated as subsidized social housing, amidst a severe affordability crisis driven by tourism and declining homeownership.
Collectively, EU member states are improving data collection through new statistical regulations, and the European Commission is reviewing national subsidy rules to help countries better address housing affordability challenges.
