Countries vary in student suspension rules; Austria mandates reintegration work post-suspension.
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There is no uniform model for handling student misconduct in Europe; some countries allow temporary removal from school, while others prioritize support and behavioral correction without removal. Lithuania does not have a specific disciplinary measure for removal, focusing instead on comprehensive support and ensuring the student’s right to education. Austria allows students in danger to be removed from school for up to four weeks, with a potential two-week extension, and is implementing a new program from the autumn of 2026 where removed students will have up to 20 hours per week dedicated to reintegration and psychosocial projects, alongside academic tasks. Student removals in Austria are most often due to physical violence, serious threats, or verbal abuse, and the number of removals has significantly increased recently. In contrast, Lithuanian law mandates compulsory education up to age 16, meaning an educational institution cannot unilaterally terminate a student’s right to education; the focus is on providing support and intervention through various specialists. Spain allows for temporary or permanent removal for severe behavioral offenses, with some regions requiring students to continue academic work during removal, though there is no single national system like the one planned for Austria. Italy permits temporary removal for serious misconduct, which is often framed as corrective rather than punitive, and recent reforms have linked low behavioral grades to mandatory remedial work or repeating the school year. Italy lacks a mandatory national psychosocial support program for removed students. In Poland, the right to education is constitutionally guaranteed, so removal cannot mean losing the right to learn; disciplinary actions are set by individual school regulations and can include restrictions on participation in school activities, with severe cases leading to transfer to another school. Overall, while some countries permit removal, others prioritize support, with Austria’s upcoming reform attempting to combine removal with mandatory work.
