Cotton for gunpowder: How Central Asia supplies raw materials to Russia's military machine

Thursday, Jan 15, 2026

EU boosts defense; reliance on cotton cellulose drives interest in Central Asian suppliers like Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

🔗 Read the article on rus.azattyq.org


[This is an automatically generated summary, for reference only]

The European Union is strengthening its defense capabilities through initiatives like Readiness 2030, which requires increased investment in military production, including gunpowder components derived from cotton cellulose. Europe’s domestic cotton production in countries like Greece, Spain, and Bulgaria is insufficient to meet these needs. While Central Asian nations are potential suppliers, Russia maintains significant influence over the region. Uzbekistan has seen a substantial increase in its cotton output, with its processed cellulose increasingly supplying the Russian market despite EU sanctions, often disguised as raw fiber. Kazakhstan also produces cotton, though much of it is exported raw; investigative reports suggest some Kazakh cellulose was used by Russian ammunition plants for defense purposes before trade restrictions were tightened. Tajikistan is reducing its cotton production, primarily exporting to Iran. Turkmenistan maintains closed statistics on its large-scale cotton industry, with major buyers being Turkey, Russia, and China. Other Central Asian nations like Kyrgyzstan produce very little cotton. While European efforts are underway to boost domestic production—such as a planned gunpowder plant in Bulgaria—it is unlikely that increased local cultivation will meet the demand for defense cellulose, suggesting continued reliance on international sourcing from producers like China, India, and Uzbekistan.


🔗 Read the original article

© 2026 Pulse - Europe beyond the beat


PULSE is an initiative for cross-border collaborative journalism in Europe co-funded by the European Commission under Grant Agreement n. PO 4500158093.

PULSE is an initiative coordinated by OBCT that has been promoting intensive journalistic cross-border collaborations in Europe since 2024. Its main aim is to help strengthen the European public sphere by reporting on and telling stories from new and diverse perspectives.

At the heart of PULSE are 10 leading national news outlets (Delfi – Lithuania, Deník Referendum – Czechia, Der Standard – Austria, EfSyn – Greece, El Confidencial – Spain, Gazeta Wyborcza – Poland, HotNews – Romania, HVG – Hungary, Il Sole 24 Ore – Italy, Mediapool – Bulgaria) and three transnational organisations, including OBCT , n-ost and Voxeurop .

Additional outlets and journalists are involved as associate partners, including EUobserver , Føljeton (Denmark), H-Alter (Croatia), Levila (Estonia), Rubryka (Ukraine), and The Journal Investigates (Ireland).

PULSE is driven by a sort of virtual transnational newsroom made up of journalists from all the publications involved. It collaboratively produces new journalistic content on European issues on a daily basis, coming in many different languages. The editorial output amounts to over a thousand publications per year, mostly in article form.

PULSE also runs 4 thematic networks open to any European journalist interested in crucial issues such as EU enlargement, relations between the EU and other global powers, the EU’s green transition, or media and the information society. These networks function as online communities and periodically publish calls for pitches.