Gender gaps persist in Italy and Spain despite improvements; Lithuania shows parity but regional disparities exist.
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In Italy, the 2024 Gender Report from Inps shows a significant gender gap: female employment reached 52.5% in 2023 compared to 70.4% for men, a difference of 17.9 percentage points, with women accounting for only 42.3% of new hires; job instability disproportionately affects women, as only 18% of their jobs are permanent versus 22.6% for men. In Spain, the gender gap is narrowing but remains, with female employment at 62.6% against 71.8% for men in 2024 (a decrease from 10.8 points in 2015), aided by policies like minimum wage increases and reduced working hours; however, family care issues persist, with 15.1% of inactive women citing childcare or family responsibilities compared to only 3.5% of men, and the gender pay gap remains at 8.7%. Disparities also affect people with disabilities, whose activity rate in 2023 was 35.5%, half that of the general population (78.5%). Lithuania shows near parity in absolute employment numbers for men and women in 2025, but the female unemployment rate (8.7%) is higher than the male rate (8.2%), with substantial regional disparities, such as a female unemployment rate exceeding 12% in Visaginas versus 2.5% in Neringa.
