Bulgaria’s EU entry amid public skepticism, economic concerns, and shifting enlargement criteria.
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Bulgaria left its national currency, the lev, in 2025 as the European Union welcomed its 21st Eurozone member. Many Bulgarians are skeptical about the benefits of adopting the euro, fearing price increases amid political instability and a lack of government. The country has high levels of undeclared income but low public debt despite being one of the poorest EU members. Public opinion shows significant opposition to joining the eurozone due to inflation fears and pro-Russian sentiments, though some view it as a geopolitical stability tool amidst the Russia-Ukraine war. Pro-Russian groups have exploited this skepticism, leading to protests against the euro. Experts suggest that while joining might reduce transaction costs for Bulgaria’s export-oriented economy, fundamental economic changes are unlikely. Skepticism towards the euro began with the Greek crisis in 2009. Some analysts attribute public hesitation to a cautious nature among older generations and cultural leanings toward Russia. Furthermore, the EU’s accession policy is seen as having lost its way, shifting from promoting democracy to being driven by fluid political criteria, and it has become increasingly difficult for candidate countries like North Macedonia or Albania to progress. An interview with an academic suggests the EU’s enlargement process is weakened by geopolitical instability and that the concept of a “second-class member” might be necessary to bridge gaps between third countries and full members, especially given external pressures from Russia and Turkey.
