European nations increasingly adopt external border control models, mirroring past practices like Australia’s asylum outsourcing.
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Nauru experienced severe shortages of water and medicine for its residents and asylum seekers during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. This situation draws parallels to European discussions on border control, where several political groups advocate for agreements with third countries to manage irregular migration, similar to Australia’s practice of sending asylum seekers to Nauru and Manus Island. Italy recently ratified an agreement with Albania, which has drawn criticism from Amnesty International regarding detention conditions, noting that the arrangement resembles the Australian model by externalizing asylum processes. While Italy also pursues other cooperation agreements with Tunisia and Egypt, Spain is highlighted as a long-standing example of border externalization through its ties with Morocco. Historically, the EU has also utilized agreements with Turkey and provided support to Libya’s Coast Guard to intercept migrants in the Mediterranean, despite rising death tolls at sea.
