National and EU efforts aim to boost women’s participation in science, despite persistent gender imbalances across sectors.
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Lithuanian efforts to promote gender equality in science, including a new plan for 2026–2029, aim to address existing imbalances despite some progress. In Europe, while there is an increasing number of women in science and engineering, structural disparities persist; they are more represented in knowledge-intensive services than in manufacturing. Spain shows significant growth with women comprising over half of researchers, though business sector representation lags. Spain has implemented policies requiring balanced gender representation in evaluation bodies and promoting visibility through mentorship. Austria also sees increased female participation in higher education, but occupational segregation remains strong, with career progression hindered by workload, limited opportunities, and discrimination. In contrast, the situation is significantly worse in South Korea’s IT sector, where societal stereotypes and lack of funding access are major barriers, despite high academic achievement among women in STEM fields. Czechia shows stable or slightly decreasing female representation in science, with challenges stemming from male-dominated work environments, pay inequality, and skepticism regarding women’s competence.
