Mediterranean seal populations are recovering in Greece, but face threats from human activity and climate change across Europe.
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Protection systems appear effective for European seals despite ongoing threats, with Greece hosting over half the global population of the Mediterranean Monk Seal, a critically endangered species globally but classified as “vulnerable” in the IUCN Red List due to population growth. While efforts have led to an increase from about 250 individuals in 1988 to around 500 today, threats persist. In Spain, the species nearly vanished mid-20th century. Significant populations exist in protected areas of Greece and are expanding across the Mediterranean. Organizations like MOm monitor the seals through cameras, collaboration with authorities, and rescue efforts at specialized centers. However, risks remain, including intentional killing by fishermen, though awareness is improving; a national action plan aims to reduce fishing-related mortality. Climate change poses dangers to breeding habitats, prompting European research into adaptation strategies. Uncontrolled tourism, such as disturbing mothers or engaging in activities like kayaking near breeding sites, also threatens the seals. In other regions, such as Ireland and Denmark, population increases are countered by high numbers of dead seals linked to storms, pollution, overfishing, and human interference (e.g., tourists harassing pups). Chemical pollution remains a historical threat, and general public ignorance regarding seal behavior can lead to fatal disturbances.
